Although the word "optimization" shares the same root as "optimal," it is rare for the process of optimization to produce a truly optimal system. The optimized system will typically only be optimal in one application or for one audience. One might reduce the amount of time that a program takes to perform some task at the price of making it consume more memory. In an application where memory space is at a premium, one might deliberately choose a slower algorithm in order to use less memory. Often there is no “one size fits all” design which works well in all cases, so engineers make trade-offs to optimize the attributes of greatest interest. Additionally, the effort required to make a piece of software completely optimal—incapable of any further improvement— is almost always more than is reasonable for the benefits that would be accrued; so the process of optimization may be halted before a completely optimal solution has been reached. Fortunately, it is often the case that the greatest improvements come early in the process.

[edit] ‘Levels’ of optimization

Optimization can occur at a number of ‘levels’:

    * Design level

At the highest level, the design may be optimized to make best use of the available resources. The implementation of this design will benefit from a good choice of efficient algorithms and the implementation of these algorithms will benefit from writing good quality code. The architectural design of a system overwhelmingly affects its performance. The choice of algorithm affects efficiency more than any other item of the design. In some cases, however, optimization relies on using fancier algorithms, making use of special cases and special tricks and performing complex trade-offs; thus, a fully optimized program can be more difficult to comprehend and hence may contain more faults than unoptimized versions.

    * Source code level

Avoiding bad quality coding can also improve performance, by avoiding obvious slowdowns. After that, however, some optimizations are possible which actually decrease maintainability; some, but not all of them can nowadays be performed by optimizing compilers. For instance, using more indirection is often needed to simplify or improve a software, but that indirection has a cost.

    * Compile level

Use of an optimizing compiler tends to ensure that the executable program is optimized at least as much as the compiler can predict.

    * Assembly level

At the lowest level, writing code using an assembly language designed for a particular hardware platform will normally produce the most efficient code since the programmer can take advantage of the full repertoire of machine instructions. The operating systems of most machines have been traditionally written in assembler code[citation needed] for this reason.

With more modern optimizing compilers and the greater complexity of recent CPUs, it is more difficult to write code that is optimized better than the compiler itself generates, and few projects need resort to this ‘ultimate’ optimization step.

However, a large amount of code written today is still compiled with the intent to run on the greatest percentage of machines possible. As a consequence, programmers and compilers don’t always take advantage of the more efficient instructions provided by newer CPUs or quirks of older models. Additionally, assembly code tuned for a particular processor without using such instructions might still be suboptimal on a different processor, expecting a different tuning of the code.

    * Run time

Just in time compilers and Assembler programmers may be able to perform run time optimization exceeding the capability of static compilers by dynamically adjusting parameters according to the actual input or other factors.

[edit] Platform dependent and independent optimizations

Code optimization can be also broadly categorized as platform dependent and platform independent techniques; while the latter ones are effective on most or all platforms,platform dependent techniques use specific properties of one platform, or rely on parameters depending on the single platform or even on the single processor; writing or producing different versions of the same code for different processors might be thus needed.For instance, in the case of compile-level optimization, platform independent techniques are generic techniques such as loop unrolling, reduction in function calls, memory efficient routines, reduction in conditions, etc., that impact most CPU architectures in a similar way.  Generally, these serve to reduce the total Instruction path length required to complete the program and/or reduce total memory usage during the process.  On the other side, platform dependent techniques involve instruction scheduling, instruction level parallelism, data level parallelism, cache optimization techniques, i.e. parameters that differ among various platforms; the optimal instruction scheduling might be different even on different processors of the same architecture.

When to optimize

Optimization can reduce readability and add code that is used only to improve the performance. This may complicate programs or systems, making them harder to maintain and debug. As a result, optimization or performance tuning is often performed at the end of the development stage.

Donald Knuth made the following statement on optimization:

    * "We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil."[2]

(He also attributed the quote to Tony Hoare several years later,[3] although this might have been an error as Hoare disclaims having coined the phrase.[4])

"Premature optimization" is a phrase used to describe a situation where a programmer lets performance considerations affect the design of a piece of code. This can result in a design that is not as clean as it could have been or code that is incorrect, because the code is complicated by the optimization and the programmer is distracted by optimizing.

An alternative approach is to design first, code from the design and then profile/benchmark the resulting code to see which parts should be optimized. A simple and elegant design is often easier to optimize at this stage, and profiling may reveal unexpected performance problems that would not have been addressed by premature optimization.

In practice, it is often necessary to keep performance goals in mind when first designing software, but the programmer balances the goals of design and optimization.

Examples of what SIW will gather about your PC:

Software Inventory: Operating System, Installed Software and Hotfixes, Processes, Services, Users, Open Files, System Uptime, Installed Codecs, Software Licenses (Product Keys / Serial Numbers / CD Key), Secrets (Password Recovery).

Hardware Inventory: Motherboard, Sensors, BIOS, CPU, chipset, PCI/AGP, USB and ISA/PnP Devices, Memory, Video Card, Monitor, Disk Drives, CD/DVD Devices, SCSI Devices, S.M.A.R.T., Ports, Printers.

Network Information: Network Cards, Network Shares, currently active Network Connections, Open Ports.

Network Tools: MAC Address Changer, Neighborhood Scan, Ping, Trace, Statistics

Miscellaneous Tools: Eureka! (Reveal lost passwords hidden behind asterisks), Monitor Test, Shutdown / Restart.

Real-time monitors: CPU, Memory, Page File usage and Network Traffic.

With a computer and a few clicks, anyone, anywhere, now can quickly search Bledsoe’s agency for the names of lobbyists working Columbus, their employers, the amount of money they spend and the treats and gifts they dole out to lawmakers and others.

You also can track lobbying activity by subject, such as which groups and individuals pursued federal stimulus dollars or the budget.

The old system stored and listed information in an onerous manner that was so difficult to navigate, it was virtually useless.

The new system, unveiled quietly amid the noisy final deliberations of the final budget battle in late spring, goes much further than listing information.

The average citizen, social activist, inquisitive reporter — heck, even the envious and competitive fellow lobbyist — can not only tap into Bledsoe’s reservoir, but also sort the lobbying activity by using any data requested in the reports, and download the information into an Excel file.

For example, with a few clicks, I learned that lobbyists and employers reported spending $362,633.58 from January through April this year on Ohio’s 132 lawmakers — or about $2,750 per legislator.

The Wholesale Beer and Wine Association of Ohio led the spending spree with $28,700.01, or about $217 per lawmaker, for a legislative luncheon March 10.

The reporting laws, written by the legislators themselves, require lobbyists and employers to list gifts, meals and beverages and funds spent on receptions.

The beer and wine group, like many other lobbying organizations, invited all legislators to the reception, and therefore, only reported the total amount spent rather than itemizing spending on individuals.

Lobbying money spent on individuals is treated differently.

Again with a few clicks, I easily could scan a list of lawmakers who received gifts from lobbyists in the first four months of 2009.

Locally, state Sen. Tom Sawyer and state Rep. Brian Williams, both Democrats from Akron, received lodging and meals from KnowledgeWorks on May 5 worth $513 and $342, respectively.

The beauty of the new system is I could find this information in several ways by looking at a spreadsheet of all spending or by running a query on an individual lawmaker or lobbyist.

In the old days, I would have had to find KnowledgeWorks among hundreds of thousands of pages filed with Bledsoe’s office.

Quickly, I also can look to see that KnowledgeWorks reported lobbying on House Bill 1, the two-year state budget, and has four lobbyists registered.

You can search by name for lobbyists or their employers to see their legislative, executive and pension plan priorities. Are they trying to change a law, obtain a tax credit, influence a state officeholder, work with a state agency that regulates their industry?

The new, improved system also lists lobbyists and employers who are delinquent in filing reports.

Bledsoe said those numbers have dropped significantly from the 660 reported just a few years ago to a few dozen today, in large part because the new system allows lobbyists to register online, check their status quickly and report others who are delinquent.

Yes, lobbyists are tattling on others, not only about filing, but they also monitor their competitors’ reports to make sure their information is complete.

The site — http://www.jlec-olig.state.oh.us/ — is not perfect.

It could be a little user-friendlier. First-time visitors should go immediately to the ”How Do I?” link and click on ”How do I search for information reported by lobbyists and their employers?” You will be on your way.

Even with the improvements, the system could be better.

Any information from 2008 or earlier is still in an unusable format.

More importantly, the financial disclosure statements filed by lawmakers and candidates are not in the new computer system, so searching those documents means opening a multipage PDF file and reading through single reports with no ability to sort or compare information.

Lawmakers need to address this immediately.

And while they are at it, lawmakers should require lobbyists to specify the sections of a bill they are attempting to influence through the legislative process.

Lobbyists zero in on exact sections of the Ohio Revised Code when they try to change a law, so why not ask them to list those?

The general public, watchdog groups, the media and fellow lobbyists then would know which lobbyist or employer was responsible for getting the legislature to change or write a new law.

Now that would be a step toward real transparency in a system that has improved dramatically but could be even better.

1Check the available disk space. If its near or below 15% Windows will not create new restore points and may even delete them.

The best way to check is through the defragmenter. Click start, system tools and disk defragmenter. This will display the percentage of available disc space for each drive.

Task Scheduler is turned off.: System Restore uses Windows’ Task Scheduler to create system restore points automatically. To check and make sure Task Scheduler is active, click the “Start tab,” click “Run” (or Start in Vista), type “services.msc,” and press “Enter.” Scroll down to the” Task Scheduler,” and double click it.

If “Service status” doesn’t show “Started,” you will have turn it on. To do this click on the downward arrow in the “Start up type” box and select automatic.

System Restore creates restore points automatically when your PC is turned on and idle. If the system is turned off, in use or hibernating, it will not create any restore points.

Occasionally system restore points become corrupted. When this happens, you will need to reset system restore on your computer.

To do this, right click on, ”My Computer,” click properties, click the “System Restore” tab, and check the, turn of “system restore” box, click apply and uncheck the box to turn it back on.

In Windows Vista, right click on, ”My Computer,” click properties, click “ System Protection,” clear the box next to ‘C.” When prompted with the message “ Are you shore you want to turn system restore off” click “turn off system restore.” To turn it back on, check the box next to “C’.

First and foremost you should know that manually editing the registry is not for the average user. The windows registry Has hundreds of thousands of entries and changing or deleting the wrong one can cause your PC to stop booting forever, Yes I said STOP BOOTING FOREVER. I tell you this so you can understand just how complex and important the registry is. Manually editing your registry is only for advanced users, Very advanced users, I only do it when I absolutly have to and only when I know exactly what I am doing and why.

This brings me to my own rule for working any problem in windows. The rule of three, is my personal rule. It states that anything you want to do in windows you should have three different pieces of software to achieve. I have found that no matter how good the software or how many promises they make you, no one piece of software can do the job completely. To really get things done in windows requires a multi pronged approached. If I want to clean the adware or spyware off of my system I will use three different programs, Adaware, Spybot S&D, and Spyware blaster. Run them one at a time and then follow their instructions.

You could also use the command prompt to disable the service if you choose. In this command “trkwks” is the Service name from the above dialog, but if you go back to the tasklist command at the beginning of this article you’ll notice you can find it there as well.

If you’ve ever taken a look at the Services section in control panel you might notice that there are a Lot of services required by Windows. If every single service ran under a single svchost.exe instance, a failure in one might bring down all of Windows… so they are separated out.

Those services are organized into logical groups, and then a single svchost.exe instance is created for each group. For instance, one svchost.exe instance runs the 3 services related to the firewall. Another svchost.exe instance might run all the services related to the user interface, and so on.

1. The start menu in the lower left hand corner of your screen click on that.
2. Programs Menu, This will then bring up the programs menu of your computer.
3. In the programs menu scroll up to where it says accessories.
4. System Tools Option, Once you are on the accessories portion of the screen a new menu will pop up to the right of this.In this new menu find where it says system tools,
5. Once found this will then bring up a new menu as well, and in this menu is the option for Disk Cleanup. Click on this item, and it will bring up the disk cleanup dialog box, once it is up you can then click OK.

Mounties everywhere else in the country use a system called PROS. Both databases allow officers across any given force or jurisdiction to share information on cases by uploading photos, witness statements and other information. The new documents obtained by the CBC — a series of reports and emails — show an exact breakdown of the systems’ costs. One report, drafted by Supt. Chuck Walker to brief William Elliott when he took over as RCMP commissioner in 2007, says that to run the B.C. system, it costs $1,666 for every Mountie in B.C., and that is a “best-case scenario.” It costs $1,058 per officer in the rest of the country to run their database. If all Mounties countrywide were on one single, compatible system, Walker notes that the overall cost per officer would decrease to $805.

Walker points out, though, that if the RCMP were to pull out of the B.C. system, it would have financial consequences for the B.C. municipal police forces still using the program. “The costs to the independent agencies using the system will skyrocket,” the report states.

Contradictions in info released

The recent batch of documents obtained through the Access to Information Act contradicts some of the information provided to CBC News when it first reported on the two computer systems. Then, spokespeople for the RCMP said the total cost to implement the B.C. system was about $41 million. However, a day after CBC News reported the story on April 27, an email from the RCMP’s executive director of financial management, Marty Muldoon, to Deputy Commissioner Darrell Madill and Chief Supt. Doug Lang said it actually cost $44.8 million. A further pitfall of the dual databases is that they are not integrated. In an earlier interview with CBC News, Assistant Commissioner Francois Bidal indicated the RCMP had addressed that problem by developing a program — a Police Information Portal (PIP) — to allow the two systems to interact. However, emails between RCMP communications personnel contain comments from Supt. Mario Beaulne stating that PIP will not be fully launched until next September. Beaulne’s comments also reveal that officers using the B.C. system can’t even seamlessly communicate among themselves:

“All PRIME users can share information, however only through PIP. PRIME users cannot exchange task workflow between district servers in B.C. — a key element of RMS [records management system] integration — nor can they see each others’ files in their entirety.” As for the price of building the PIP, an April 28 email indicates it cost $4.5 million.

Download this free computer software on http://tec-updates.blogspot.com/2008/01/download-single-click-restore-point.html. After you download it, jus follow this article to use it.

To use SCRP, you must with administrator privileges and it will automatically create a restore point for you – no need to dig through the menus. The only caveat is that you can’t name the restore points yourself, they’re all called “Created by SCRP Tool”. In my experience, SCRP does the job and makes it more convenient for less tech-savvy users. To restore your computer to an earlier time in Windows XP, log in as an administrator, and then follow these steps:Click Start>All Programs>Accessories>System Tools, and then click System Restore.On the Welcome screen, click Restore my computer to an earlier time, and then click Next. You can also click on Create Restore Point to manually create a backup of the system files. This backup will appear along with the other automatically generated backups.

• Click Start>All Programs>Accessories>System Tools, and then click System Restore.
• On the Welcome screen, click Restore my computer to an earlier time, and then click Next. You can also click on Create Restore Point to manually create a backup of the system files. This backup will appear along with the other automatically generated backups.
• On the Select a Restore Point page, select the date from the calendar that shows the point you’d like to restore to.
• On the Confirm Restore Point Selection page, check to see if you selected the right restore point.
• Click Next if you are ready to continue or click Back to change the restore point. The computer will automatically s

To manually create a restore point, open Advanced System Settings (by typing this into the Start Menu) and select the System Protection tab. Once there, click on Create.

Download Rbackup in http://remote-backup.com

RBackup includes the ability to backup System State and Active Directory settings in Microsoft operating systems, two of the most critical components in a computer data disaster recovery process.

Any computer backup system should include this functionality due to the dramatic decrease in manual system reconfiguration processes that it provides while restoring data.

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When compared to other file level online backup solutions, it dramatically reduces the amount of data being sent across the internet in any given session. This results in less bandwidth usage, faster backup sessions, and less disk space usage on the RBS Server.

If you are looking for a computer system backup solution for your business or clients, RBS would like to provide you with detailed information about our products and services. With thousands of users around the world, RBS founded the internet backup industry, and still leads it in innovation, support, and service.

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